Friction Standard
Standardized laboratory procedures determine the static and kinetic resistance of flexible packaging substrates sliding against specified test surfaces. The protocol defined under astm d1894 uses a horizontal plane and a motorized sled to extract quantitative friction values. This measurement governs the force required to initiate motion and the average force needed to maintain uniform sliding speed across coated papers and polymer films.
The test boundary excludes materials that deform permanently under the weight of the standardized sled.
Testing Protocol
A weighted sled wrapped in the test substrate rests upon an immovable stationary bed covered with the identical material or a calibrated metal surface. A constant-speed drive motor pulls the sled across the horizontal platform while a load cell continuously records resistive force during the movement. Initial resistance peaks generate the static value, whereas continuous motion over the designated travel length yields the kinetic coefficient.
Converting operations rely on these two distinct readings to prevent web tension spikes and feeding misalignments. Higher sled speeds or altered ambient temperature shifts the resulting friction values.
Packaging Boundary
Converting lines require precise friction parameters to prevent jamming during high-speed carton feeding and pouch forming. Excessively low resistance causes loose roll winding and telescoping during storage, while high friction stalls automatic insertion equipment.